Michelle Aubert and Jean-Claude Seguin, eds., La Production cinématographique des frères Lumière ([Lyon]: Bibliothèque du Film and Éditions Mémoires de cinéma, 1996). Page numbers in the text.

Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory [1896], trans. by Nancy Margaret Paul and W. Scott Palmer [1911] (New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1959), 1-26 and passim.

Rupert Christiansen, Paris Babylon: The Story of the Paris Commune (New York: Viking, 1994), 67.

Gilles Deleuze, Cinema 1: The Movement-Image [1983] (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). Page numbers in the text.

Gilles Deleuze, Cinema 2: The Time-Image [1985] (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989). Page numbers in the text.

Tom Gunning, "An Aesthetic of Astonishment: Early Film and the (In)credulous Spectator", Art and Text 34 (Spring 1989): 31-36.

Peter Kenez, Peter, Cinema and Soviet Society, 1917-1953 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 23.

Vachel Lindsay, The Art of the Moving Picture [1915, 1922] (New York: Liveright, 1970). Page numbers in the text.

Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Philosophy Through the Looking Glass (La Salle: Open Court, 1985), 31-36.

Christian Metz, Psychoanalysis and Cinema: The Imaginary Signifier [1977] (London: Macmillan, 1982), 141.

Jean Mitry, Ésthetique et psychologie du cinéma. Volume 1: Les Structures (Paris: Éditions Universitaires, 1963), 179.

Edgar Morin, Le Cinéma ou l'homme imaginaire (Paris: Éditions Minuit, 1958), 73-97.

Charles Saunders Peirce, "Logic as Semiotic: The Theory of Signs" in The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings, ed. by Justus Blucher (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1940), 98-119. Specific page numbers in the text.

Charles Saunders Peirce, "The Principles of Phenomenology" in The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings, ed. by Justus Blucher (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1940), 74-97. Specific page numbers in the text.

Lev Trotsky, "Vodka, the Church and the Cinema" [1922] in The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents, 1896-1939, ed. by Richard Taylor and Ian Christie (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988), 94-97.

Yuri Tsivian, Early Cinema in Russia and Its Cultural Reception (London: Routledge, 1994), 135-147.

Lawrence Weschler, "Convergences: Magritte Standard Time", The New Yorker, November 16, 1992: 98.